Sentenza del TAR Campania - il diritto al sostegno didattico deve essere garantito al di là dei limiti orari prestabiliti

L’inclusione scolastica degli alunni affetti da disabilità costituisce un tema fondamentale della scuola italiana. 

Ma se l’istituto scolastico non permette l’affiancamento del docente specializzato all’alunno con BES (Bisogni specifici dell’apprendimento) per tutte le ore indicate nel PEI (Piano educativo individualizzato ma anche “l’atto definitivo che fissa il numero delle ore di sostegno da assegnare, senza alcuna possibilità di riduzione per ragioni finanziarie” secondo la sentenza n.6920 del 25 maggio 2022 del TAR Lazio) o dispone nel PEI di un monte ore inferiore agli anni precedenti?

Il TAR Campania, con decreto d’urgenza n. 1936 del 15 novembre, condanna il Ministero dell’Istruzione ad attribuire l’insegnante specializzato per tutte le ore di frequenza scolastica dell’alunno. È illegittima, infatti, la condotta dell’Amministrazione che riconosce un monte ore settimanali di sostegno inferiore rispetto a quelle individuate come necessarie nel PEI.

Pur entrando nel merito delle specificità affrontate nei singoli ricorsi, il tribunale amministrativo ribadisce con tre sentenze, la nr.7958 del dicembre 2022 e le nr.719 e 720 del gennaio 2023, che i bisogni degli alunni interessati devono prevalere sulle valutazioni di tipo finanziario e condanna l’amministrazione scolastica all’integrazione delle ore di sostegno nonché al pagamento delle spese di giudizio.

Queste sentenze del TAR della Campania confermano gli orientamenti precedenti rispetto al diritto al sostegno didattico per gli alunni con disabilità.

Il principale riferimento è rappresentato dal pronunciamento della Corte costituzionale che nel 2010 stabilì il principio che “ad un maggiore livello di disabilità deve corrispondere un maggior grado di assistenza, al fine di consentire al disabile di superare il suo svantaggio e di porlo in condizione di parità con gli altri” (sentenza n. 80 del 22 febbraio 2010). Dichiarava pertanto l’illegittimità costituzionale della legge n. 244 del 2007 nelle parti in cui veniva fissato un limite massimo al numero dei posti degli insegnanti di sostegno, escludendo la possibilità di assumere insegnanti in deroga per le classi con studenti con disabilità grave.

Anche i criteri stabiliti dal decreto interministeriale n.182 del 2020 e dalle allegate Linee guida, che fissano limiti massimi di ore assegnabili, risultano, a parere del TAR, inconciliabili col diritto soggettivo degli alunni alla piena inclusione che, in taluni casi, richiede la presenza dell’insegnante di sostegno per l’intero orario di frequenza scolastica.

 
 
 

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